House of Representatives Speaker of the House 2016

Presiding officer of the United States Business firm of Representatives

The speaker of the United States Firm of Representatives, commonly known as the speaker of the House, is the presiding officer of the United States Business firm of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Commodity I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and is simultaneously the House'south presiding officeholder, de facto leader of the torso's majority party, and the institution's administrative head. Speakers too perform various other administrative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the bulk party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.

The Constitution does not require the speaker to be an incumbent member of the Business firm of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4] The speaker is 2nd in the United States presidential line of succession, later the vice president and alee of the presidentpro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The current Firm speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a quaternary (2d consecutive) term as speaker on Jan iii, 2021, the first mean solar day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Democratic Party in the Firm since 2003, and is the outset woman to serve as speaker.^[5]

Pick

The Firm elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, afterwards a general ballot) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers by gyre call vote.^[vi] Traditionally, each party's conclave or conference selects a candidate for the speakership from amongst its senior leaders prior to the roll phone call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated past their party, only generally do, as the result of the election effectively determines which party has the majority and consequently will organize the Business firm.^[7] As the Constitution does not explicitly state that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the Firm, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, however, has been a member.^[7]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their party's nominated candidate usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other political party's candidate would confront serious consequences, equally was the instance when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[9]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a bulk, the whorl call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[7] Multiple roll calls take been necessary simply 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and not since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided Firm needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[ane] Upon winning ballot the new speaker is immediately sworn in past the dean of the United States Business firm of Representatives, the chamber'due south longest-serving member.^{[10] [xi]}

History

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The showtime speaker of the Firm, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to office on Apr i, 1789, the day the House organized itself at the outset of the 1st Congress. He served two non-consecutive terms in the speaker'due south chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (3rd Congress).^[12]

Equally the Constitution does not state the duties of the speaker, the speaker's role has largely been shaped by traditions and customs that evolved over time. Scholars are divided every bit to whether early speakers played largely ceremonial and impartial roles or whether they were more active partisan actors.^[xiii]

From early in its existence, the speaker's primary part had been to go along gild and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative process under Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[14] [xv]} In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for case, the declaration of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay'south "American System" economic program. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral Higher majority in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to be elected past the House, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay'south retirement in 1825, the power of the speakership in one case again began to refuse, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Civil State of war approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, often making information technology difficult for whatsoever candidate to attain a bulk. In 1855 and again in 1859, for instance, the contest for speaker lasted for two months before the House accomplished a result. Speakers tended to have very short tenures during this menstruation. For example, from 1839 to 1863 at that place were 11 speakers, just one of whom served for more than one term. To date, James K. Polk is the only speaker of the Firm who was afterwards elected president of the United States.

Towards the cease of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful i. At the time, i of the nigh of import sources of the speaker's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, afterwards the reorganization of the committee organisation in 1880, became one of the nearly powerful standing committees of the Firm. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James G. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Arbiter Reed", every bit he was chosen past his opponents,^[sixteen] sought to end the obstruction of bills past the minority, in particular by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".^[17] Past refusing to vote on a motion, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved and that the result would be invalid. Reed, however, alleged that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process. He determined the calendar of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose commission chairmen, headed the Rules Committee, and determined which committee heard each beak. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed past the House. In 1910, however, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to name commission members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.^[18] 15 years afterward, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, only non all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

1 of the nigh influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[19] Rayburn had the nearly cumulative time as speaker in history, holding office from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with Firm committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and strange assist programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John Westward. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, peculiarly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party. During the mid-1970s, the ability of the speakership once once more grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to exist a semi-independent panel, equally information technology had been since 1910. Instead, it one time again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the authority to engage a bulk of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of commission chairmen was curtailed, farther increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert'southward successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense force expenditures. Republicans fabricated O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, after spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly disharmonism with Autonomous President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal authorities shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a conclave revolt in 1997. Subsequently the Republicans lost Firm seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did non stand for a third term as speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been called every bit a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more than controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent part than other contemporary speakers, being overshadowed by Business firm Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced bulk but made small gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the beginning times since 1953–1955 that there was single-party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 equally Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become contained and caucused with Senate Democrats to requite them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the House. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the first woman to hold the office. With the election of Barack Obama as president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the first speaker since Tom Foley to hold the function during unmarried-party Democratic leadership in Washington.^[twenty] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force backside several of Obama's major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus tour^[21] and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was later on re-elected twice, at the start of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in function was threatened by the revolt of several members from his ain political party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner's tenure every bit speaker, which concluded when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked by multiple battles with the conservatives in his own party related to "Obama Intendance," appropriations, among other political issues.^[25] This intra-party discord continued under Boehner'southward successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2018 midterm elections which saw the election of a Autonomous Party majority in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her equally speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Democratic Party in the Business firm of Representatives and served as House minority leader for viii years earlier she led her political party to victory in the 2022 elections. In addition to being the start adult female to concur the role, Pelosi became the first speaker to return to ability since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney backside President George W. Bush-league at the 2007 Land of the Spousal relationship Address making history as the outset woman to sit behind the podium at such an accost. President Bush-league best-selling this by kickoff his oral communication with the words, "Tonight, I have a loftier privilege and distinct honor of my ain — as the starting time president to begin the State of the Union bulletin with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, there take been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the competition of 1839. In that case, fifty-fifty though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, the Firm could not begin the speakership ballot until December xiv because of an election dispute in New Bailiwick of jersey known as the "Broad Seal State of war". Two rival delegations, 1 Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified as elected past different branches of the New Bailiwick of jersey regime. The problem was compounded past the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the bulk. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party'due south delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress. The sometime Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace information technology. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run nether a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Null), and merely "Opposition". By the time Congress actually met in December 1855, almost of the northerners were full-bodied together as Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label. Opponents of the Democrats held a bulk in Firm, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives existence 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as speaker, only considering of sectional distrust, the diverse oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Nada but was now largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and so Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The Business firm plant itself in a like dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once over again the House was unable to elect a speaker. Subsequently Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a erstwhile Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on February 1, 1860.^[29]

The terminal fourth dimension that an election for speaker went beyond i ballot was in December 1923 at the start of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed 9 ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to back up Gillett in the showtime eight ballots. Simply afterward winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested Firm rules changes would be considered) did they concur to support him.^{[thirty] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could take led to Democrats forth with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (and then minority leader) as speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not correspond re-election. The adjacent ii figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay chose not to run for the office. The chairman of the House Appropriations Commission, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Neb Clinton's perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the Firm, despite being urged to stay on past House Democratic leader Gephardt. Subsequently, the chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November 16, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was then minority leader, was selected as speaker-designate by Business firm Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, condign the first woman elected speaker of the House.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Most recent election for speaker (2021)

The near recent election for House speaker took place January three, 2021, on the opening twenty-four hours of the 117th United States Congress, ii months after the 2020 Firm elections in which the Democrats won a majority of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes cast and was elected to a fourth (2nd consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy's 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; also, three representatives answered nowadays when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan office

Paul Ryan taking the oath of role upon becoming speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does not spell out the political function of the speaker. As the office has developed historically, however, it has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of almost Westminster-fashion legislatures, such as the speaker of the United Kingdom's House of Commons, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the United States, past tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. Still, despite having the right to vote, the speaker normally does not participate in argue.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may use their power to determine when each nib reaches the floor. They as well chair the majority party's steering committee in the House. While the speaker is the functioning caput of the Firm majority party, the same is non true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary.

When the speaker and the president belong to the same political party, the speaker tends to play the part in a more than ceremonial lite, as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained role during the presidency of swain Republican George W. Bush-league. Nevertheless, when the speaker and the president vest to the same party, in that location are besides times that the speaker plays a much larger role, and the speaker is tasked, e.thou., with pushing through the agenda of the bulk political party, often at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, almost of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a central thespian in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (nether Theodore Roosevelt) was especially infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more contempo times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a part in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of boyfriend Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other paw, when the speaker and the president belong to opposite parties, the public function and influence of the speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition political party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is normally the main public opponent of the president'due south agenda. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president'due south agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate. Ane famous case came in the grade of Thomas Brackett Reed (under Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland'southward Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the Business firm. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "Old Guard" fly of the Republican Party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more than progressive clique, and more than than merely marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive fly of the Republican Party.

More modernistic examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan's economic and defense policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George Westward. Bush over the Republic of iraq War;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health intendance;^[36] and in one case once more, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to support Donald Trump over funding for a border wall.^[37]

Presiding officeholder

As presiding officeholder of the Business firm of Representatives, the speaker holds a variety of powers over the Business firm and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the Usa government.^[38] The speaker may delegate their powers to a member of the House to human action as speaker pro tempore and to preside over the Business firm in the speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has ever been to a member of the same political party.^[39] During of import debates, the speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior fellow member of the majority party who may be chosen for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more inferior members may be assigned to preside to requite them experience with the rules and procedures of the Firm. The speaker may also designate, with approval of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is about Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the House, the speaker, "as soon every bit practicable after the ballot of the speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter", must deliver to the clerk of the Firm a confidential list of members who are designated to deed as speaker in the instance of a vacancy or physical disability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the floor of the House, the presiding officeholder is always addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", fifty-fifty if that person is serving equally speaker pro tempore. When the Firm resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole, the speaker designates a fellow member to preside over the committee, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officer'due south recognition. The presiding officer as well rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole Business firm. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce Firm rules.

The speaker'due south powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In detail, the speaker has great influence over the committee process. The speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules, discipline to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees. Moreover, when a beak is introduced, the speaker determines which committee will consider it. As a member of the Firm, the speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote. Ordinarily, the speaker votes only when the speaker'due south vote would be decisive or on matters of smashing importance, such every bit constitutional amendments or major legislation.^[41] Under the early on rules of the House, the speaker was more often than not barred from voting, but today the speaker has the same right every bit other members to vote just but occasionally exercises information technology. The speaker may vote on whatever matter that comes before the House, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot.^[42]

Other functions

The speaker'southward office in the United states of america Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In add-on to being the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and representing their congressional commune, the speaker also performs diverse other administrative and procedural functions, such equally:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the primary authoritative officer, and the chaplain;
• Serves as the chairperson of the Firm Function Building Commission;^[43]
• Appoints the House's parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector full general;^[45]
• Administers the House audio and video broadcasting system
• In consultation with the minority leader, can devise a system of drug testing in the House.^[43] This option has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, regime agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, along with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.S. president is unable to belch the powers and duties of his part, or is able to resume them, under Sections iii and 4 of the 20-fifth Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is 2nd in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, immediately after the vice president and before the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed by members of the president's Chiffonier). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, and then the speaker would become acting president, afterward resigning from the House and as speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as interim president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.^[48] Nonetheless, only a few years later it went into effect, in Oct 1973, at the height of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew'southward unexpected departure and the country of Richard Nixon'south presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was all of a sudden commencement in line to get acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in equally vice president on December 6, 1973.^[49] Albert was also side by side in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford'south choice to succeed him as vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months later on.^[48]

See also

• Party leaders of the United States Firm of Representatives
• Party leaders of the United States Senate

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided past Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United states of america House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (August five, 2005). "Continuity of Regime: Electric current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on Jan 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January four, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Usa Firm of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved Dec 2, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May sixteen, 2017). The Speaker of the Business firm: Firm Officeholder, Political party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Member of the House.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (January 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces hard 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on Jan fourteen, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the Firm". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone tin can run for House speaker, fifty-fifty y'all". The Christian Scientific discipline Monitor. Archived from the original on Nov 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled past Business firm, dies at 73". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
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13. ^ Peart, Daniel (2021). "Rethinking the Role of the Speaker: Power, Institutional Development, and the Myth of the "Impartial Moderator" in the Early United states House of Representatives". Journal of Policy History. 33 (ane): i–31. doi:10.1017/S0898030620000226. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 231694119. Archived from the original on Feb two, 2021. Retrieved March xi, 2021.
14. ^ C. Stewart Three, "Architect or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US Business firm of Representatives" 1998, online Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
15. ^ "Henry Clay (1825–1829)". U.Southward. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Middle of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, October 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (December 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Wait at the Business firm Committee on Rules". U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on August 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (Baronial 1968). "Joseph Thousand. Cannon and Howard Due west. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. xxx (3): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn House Museum". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
20. ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August 6, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Burn Pelosi" Coach Tour". CBS News. Archived from the original on February fourteen, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (November 3, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: Business firm Speaker's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved Dec half-dozen, 2011.
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Bibliography

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer live.
• Greenish, Matthew Northward. The Speaker of the House: A Report of Leadership (Yale University Printing; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives; focuses on the period since 1940.
• Grossman, Marker. Speakers of the House of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Gray House Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject area, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (November 26, 2018). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Inquiry Service. Retrieved Dec 18, 2018.
• Remini, Robert V. The Business firm: the History of the Business firm of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David Due west. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform Business firm (1991).
• Smock, Raymond West., and Susan W. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998). Short biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian E. ed. The American Congress: The Edifice of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history past twoscore scholars.

External links

• "Capitol Questions." C-SPAN (2003). Notable elections and office.
• The Cannon Centenary Briefing: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). Firm Certificate 108–204. History, nature and role of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress, fifth ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Printing.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.Due south. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	2nd in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

This page was last edited on 21 January 2022, at 04:fourteen

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Source: https://wiki2.org/en/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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